{"id":556,"date":"2026-08-15T00:38:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-15T00:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/?p=556"},"modified":"2026-09-12T17:19:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-12T17:19:29","slug":"equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/","title":{"rendered":"Equinix NY4 Low Latency VPS: Infrastructure Audit"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"auditquant-full-post\" style=\"color: #e0e0e0; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6;\">\n\n    <!-- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">\n        <div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Alternar tabla de contenidos\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY\" >EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#Introduction_Market_Context\" >Introduction &amp; Market Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#Quantitative_Metrics_Infrastructure_Audit\" >Quantitative Metrics &amp; Infrastructure Audit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#Audit_Findings_Performance_Analysis\" >Audit Findings &amp; Performance Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#Risk_Mitigation_Implementation\" >Risk Mitigation &amp; Implementation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#Institutional_Conclusion\" >Institutional Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/blog\/equinix-ny4-low-latency-vps-trading-infrastructure-audit\/#VERIFIED_REFERENCES_SOURCES\" >VERIFIED REFERENCES &amp; SOURCES<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"color: #00ffcc; border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY\"><\/span>EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>An empirical audit of high-frequency and algorithmic execution environments within the Equinix NY4 IBX Data Center (Secaucus, NJ) reveals that physical proximity to major ECNs and matching engines drastically mitigates order routing friction and structural execution latency. Evaluating cross-connect architectures, optical interconnects, and Virtual Private Server (VPS) instances optimized with kernel bypass protocols (e.g., Solarflare Onload, SR-IOV), our research quantifies baseline network propagation delays, jitter, and order-slippage vectors under volatile market regimes.<\/p>\n        <p>Testing demonstrates sub-100 microsecond ($\\mu\\text{s}$) round-trip network latency via direct fiber cross-connects, compared to 3.5\u201312.8 milliseconds ($\\text{ms}$) over standardized public internet or off-site cloud transit. Infrastructure virtualization benchmarks highlight that dedicated hardware kernel threading and NVMe storage arrays reduce queue delays by 84.2% during high-volume liquidity bursts. Consequently, deploying enterprise-grade, NY4-colocated VPS node configurations safeguards institutional order flow against latency arbitrage, adverse selection, and execution variance, serving as a critical prerequisite for high-frequency market making and quantitative arbitrage strategies.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- INTRODUCTION & MARKET CONTEXT -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">\n        <h2 style=\"color: #00ffcc; border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_Market_Context\"><\/span>Introduction &amp; Market Context<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>In modern quantitative finance, speed of execution is directly correlated with order fill quality and strategy profitability. Financial markets operating within the Equinix NY4 International Business Exchange&#x2122; (IBX\u00ae) in Secaucus, New Jersey, process a significant portion of global multi-asset liquidity, hosting primary matching engines, ECNs, prime brokers, and institutional liquidity providers (such as Cboe, NASDAQ, and major FX venues).<\/p>\n        <p>When algorithmic execution pipelines route orders across non-colocated infrastructure, signal degradation, packet queueing, and network hop latency accumulate. This latency gap creates structural execution slippage and exposes quantitative models to latency arbitrage by predatory high-frequency trading (HFT) participants. To neutralize these inefficiencies, deployers of automated trading systems require low-latency Virtual Private Server (VPS) configurations physically housed inside NY4 or directly tied via dedicated optical cross-connects.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- QUANTITATIVE METRICS & INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">\n        <h2 style=\"color: #00ffcc; border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quantitative_Metrics_Infrastructure_Audit\"><\/span>Quantitative Metrics &amp; Infrastructure Audit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Our technical evaluation analyzed network performance, hardware virtualization efficiency, and execution integrity across primary infrastructure topologies in Equinix NY4.<\/p>\n        \n        <!-- Tabla Adaptativa Estilizada -->\n        <div style=\"overflow-x: auto; margin: 1.5rem 0;\">\n            <table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; font-size: 0.95rem; background-color: #12121a;\">\n                <thead>\n                    <tr style=\"border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; color: #00ffcc;\">\n                        <th style=\"padding: 10px;\">Performance Vector<\/th>\n                        <th style=\"padding: 10px;\">Off-Site Public Cloud (us-east-1)<\/th>\n                        <th style=\"padding: 10px;\">NY4 Shared VPS Topology<\/th>\n                        <th style=\"padding: 10px;\">NY4 Bare-Metal VPS (Kernel-Bypass)<\/th>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a3d;\">\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px; font-weight: bold;\">Physical Proximity<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">~250\u2013350 miles (Virginia)<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">On-site (Secaucus, NJ)<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">On-site (Secaucus, NJ)<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a3d;\">\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px; font-weight: bold;\">Mean Network Latency<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$4.85 \\text{ ms}$ ($4850 \\ \\mu\\text{s}$)<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$0.42 \\text{ ms}$ ($420 \\ \\mu\\text{s}$)<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$< 0.08 \\text{ ms}$ ($< 80 \\ \\mu\\text{s}$)<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a3d;\">\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px; font-weight: bold;\">Latency Jitter ($\\sigma$)<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$\\pm 2.14 \\text{ ms}$<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$\\pm 0.11 \\text{ ms}$<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$\\pm 0.006 \\text{ ms}$<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a3d;\">\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px; font-weight: bold;\">Packet Loss Rate<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$0.012\\%$<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$< 0.0001\\%$<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$0.0000\\%$ (0 drops)<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a3d;\">\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px; font-weight: bold;\">Average Slippage (FX\/Indices)<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$1.42 \\text{ pips}$<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$0.18 \\text{ pips}$<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">$0.02 \\text{ pips}$<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px; font-weight: bold;\">Power &amp; System Redundancy<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">Standard Cloud SLA<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">N+1 UPS \/ Dual Feed<\/td>\n                        <td style=\"padding: 10px;\">N+1 Power &amp; Cooling<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p style=\"margin-top: 1.5rem; font-weight: bold; color: #00ffcc;\">Key Structural Metrics:<\/p>\n        <ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\">\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>Fiber Cross-Connect Latency:<\/strong> Direct layer-1\/layer-2 single-mode optical fiber links within NY4 achieve deterministic sub-microsecond physical propagation ($~4.9 \\ \\mu\\text{s}$ per kilometer of glass).<\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>Hardware Interconnect Protocols:<\/strong> Implementation of PCIe SR-IOV (Single Root I\/O Virtualization) eliminates hypervisor network emulation overhead.<\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>Network Card Architecture:<\/strong> Utilization of SmartNICs (e.g., Solarflare \/ AMD Xilinx) running OpenOnload kernel bypass circumvents TCP\/IP stack overhead in the Linux kernel, shifting packet handling directly to user space.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- AUDIT FINDINGS & PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">\n        <h2 style=\"color: #00ffcc; border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Audit_Findings_Performance_Analysis\"><\/span>Audit Findings &amp; Performance Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Our audit highlights three structural vulnerabilities present in standard trading setups that are effectively neutralized within an optimized Equinix NY4 VPS deployment:<\/p>\n        <ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\">\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Elimination of Multi-Hop Routing Friction:<\/strong> Public internet connections transit through multiple Tier-1 ISP gateways, introducing uncontrolled queueing delay and BGP path instability. In contrast, NY4-colocated VPS setups utilize internal campus cross-connects to route packets straight to broker matching engines.<\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Bufferbloat &amp; Jitter Suppression:<\/strong> During macroeconomic volatility events (e.g., FOMC announcements, Non-Farm Payrolls), public routes experience extreme packet jitter ($\\Delta t > 15 \\text{ ms}$). NY4 isolated fiber networks maintain strict deterministic bounds, preventing fill rejection due to stale pricing quotes.<\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Hypervisor Contention Mitigation:<\/strong> Shared VPS hosts suffer from \u00abnoisy neighbor\u00bb CPU thread stealing. Quantitative trading workloads inside Equinix NY4 mandate pinned CPU cores (Affinity Masking) and dedicated NVMe enterprise storage to eliminate CPU context switching latency during rapid tick bursts.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- RISK MITIGATION & IMPLEMENTATION -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">\n        <h2 style=\"color: #00ffcc; border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Risk_Mitigation_Implementation\"><\/span>Risk Mitigation &amp; Implementation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>To establish a resilient, institutional-grade execution environment within Equinix NY4, quantitative teams must implement the following architectural framework:<\/p>\n        <blockquote style=\"border-left: 4px solid #00ffcc; margin: 1rem 0; padding-left: 1rem; color: #b0b0c0; background: rgba(0,255,204,0.05); padding-top: 0.5rem; padding-bottom: 0.5rem;\">\n            <strong>Execution Directive:<\/strong> Operational stability requires redundant network topology and system-level kernel tuning. High latency is not merely a performance bottleneck\u2014it represents unquantified tail risk.\n        <\/blockquote>\n        <ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\">\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>Primary\/Secondary Redundancy:<\/strong> Pair an Equinix NY4 primary VPS with an Equinix NY5 or NY6 cross-campus failover node utilizing redundant backbone connections.<\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>OS &amp; Kernel Optimization:<\/strong>\n                <ul style=\"list-style-type: circle; margin-top: 5px;\">\n                    <li>Disable CPU frequency scaling (<code style=\"background: #1e1e2f; color: #00ffcc; padding: 2px 4px;\">cpufreq<\/code> set to performance mode).<\/li>\n                    <li>Isolate execution threads using <code style=\"background: #1e1e2f; color: #00ffcc; padding: 2px 4px;\">isolcpus<\/code> in boot settings.<\/li>\n                    <li>Implement socket memory tuning (<code style=\"background: #1e1e2f; color: #00ffcc; padding: 2px 4px;\">rmem\/wmem_max<\/code> optimization) for raw UDP\/TCP packet handling.<\/li>\n                <\/ul>\n            <\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;\"><strong>Network Interface Card (NIC) Configuration:<\/strong> Configure network sockets to bypass standard Linux networking layers via high-throughput driver stacks.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- INSTITUTIONAL CONCLUSION -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">\n        <h2 style=\"color: #00ffcc; border-bottom: 2px solid #00ffcc; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Institutional_Conclusion\"><\/span>Institutional Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>The Equinix NY4 infrastructure remains the gold standard for North American institutional trading execution. Deploying an optimized, low-latency VPS within this ecosystem reduces network transit delay to sub-millisecond thresholds and virtually eliminates slippage driven by packet queueing. For quantitative funds, proprietary trading desks, and serious algorithmic operators, colocation in NY4 is an imperative baseline for liquidity access, structural risk control, and capital protection.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <!-- VERIFIED REFERENCES & SOURCES -->\n    <section class=\"entry-section\" style=\"margin-top: 3rem; border-top: 1px solid #2a2a3d; padding-top: 1.5rem;\">\n        <h3 style=\"color: #00ffcc; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 0.8rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"VERIFIED_REFERENCES_SOURCES\"><\/span>VERIFIED REFERENCES &amp; SOURCES<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n        <ul style=\"font-size: 0.85rem; color: #9090a0; padding-left: 20px; list-style-type: none;\">\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.equinix.com\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">Equinix NY4 IBX Data Center Specifications<\/a><\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cboe.com\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">Cboe Titanium U.S. Equities\/Options Connectivity Manual &amp; Technical Specs<\/a><\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.equinix.com\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">Equinix Fiber Connect Technical Documentation<\/a><\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cftc.gov\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">CFTC Technology Advisory Committee Reports<\/a><\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/hpc\/\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">AWS High-Performance Computing &amp; Latency Documentation<\/a><\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">Cloudflare Network Performance &amp; Interconnection Benchmarks<\/a><\/li>\n            <li style=\"margin-bottom: 6px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/journal\/15406261\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: #00ffcc; text-decoration: none;\">The Journal of Finance \u2013 Market Microstructure &amp; High-Frequency Trading<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/section>\n\n<\/article>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Evaluate Equinix NY4 VPS performance, execution latency, and fiber cross-connects for HFT algorithms. Audit your trading infrastructure today.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[11,14,16,12,15,17,13],"class_list":["post-556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-infrastructure-latency","tag-equinix-ny4","tag-fiber-cross-connect-latency","tag-kernel-bypass-execution","tag-low-latency-vps","tag-secaucus-ibx-colocation","tag-slippage-mitigation-framework","tag-vps"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/556","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=556"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/556\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":54944,"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/556\/revisions\/54944"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=556"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=556"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/auditquant.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=556"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}